Outstanding People
(9/11)
What outstanding Russians would you tell your foreign friend about? What outstanding people of an English – speaking country do you admire? What made them famous?
The history of Russian science and culture abounds in great names in all fields of science and arts – the humanities, biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, music, dance, painting etc. Of all the famous Russian scientists, there are some whose contribution to the world science is the most significant one. Among them is Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky (1847-1921), a famous name in the field of manned flight. He was a Russian scientist, founding father of modern aero – and hydrodynamics. Whereas contemporary scientists didn’t take the idea of human flight seriously, Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow.
Another great name in the field of human flight was K. Tsiolkovsky, a rocket scientist and pioneer of cosmonautics. Firstly, he created the theory of space
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834-1907) was a Russian chemist who is credited as being the primary creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Unlike other contributors to the table, Mendeleyev predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered. As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties, he noticed patterns that led him to postulate his Periodic Table.
Another scientist who I believe contributed greatly to the world science is Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, a Russian physiologist and physician (1849-1936). He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for research pertaining to the digestive system. He is widely known for first describing the phenomenon now known as classical conditioning in his experiments with dogs. He established the basic laws for the establishment and extinction of what he called “conditional reflexes’
– i. e., reflex responses, like salivation, that only occurred conditional upon specific previous experiences of the animal.The history of Russian literature and arts is full of outstanding people who contributed to the world’s artistic treasure-house. To name only a few, they are Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy in literature, Savrasov, Repin, Serov, Vrubel and many others in arts.
Pushkin is popularly known to be the greatest Russian poet and writer of all times, and the founder of modern Russian literature. He is named the sun of Russian poetry’ and is known to have pioneered the use of vernacular speech in his poems and plays and created a style of storytelling, mixing drama, romance, and satire, associated with Russian literature ever since and greatly influencing Russian writers. Critics consider many of his works masterpieces.
One of the Russian writers whose name is known to most people is F. Dostoevsky, who was born in 1821 and died in 1881. He is considered by many to be a giant of Russian and world literature. Firstly, he is famous for his understanding of the human soul and his interest in sin and redemption. Secondly, he is famous for his powerful but humorless style.
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828-1910) was a Russian novelist, social reformer, moral thinker. Tolstoy is widely known as one of the greatest of all novelists, particularly famous for his masterpieces War and Peace and Anna Karenina; the two books stand at the peak of realistic fiction. As a moral philosopher he was notable for his ideas which influenced such twentieth-century figures as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
(For painters, see Additional Topics.)
Of many outstanding British people I admire Admiral Nelson, Sir Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin most.
Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758-1805) was a British admiral famous for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars, most notably in the Battle of Trafalgar, where he lost his life. He became the greatest naval hero in the history of the United Kingdom and is one of the most famous naval commanders in world history. His biography by the poet Robert Southey appeared in 1813, while the wars were still being fought. He is honoured by the London landmark of Nelson’s Column, which stands in Trafalgar Square.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, inventor, who is regarded as one of the most influential scientists in history. Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which formed the basis for classical mechanics. He was the first to show that the motion of bodies on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same natural laws. The unifying power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution.
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was a British naturalist who achieved lasting fame by convincing the scientists of the evolution and proposing the theory that this could be explained through natural selection. This theory is now considered the central theory in biology. Fully aware that others had been severely punished for such ‘heretical’ ideas, he only confided in his closest friends and continued his research. In recognition of Darwin’s contribution to the world’s science, he was buried in Aufestminster Abbey, close to Isaac Newton.
Translate the following sentences into English.
1. История России изобилует великими именами во всех областях науки и искусства.
2. Среди всех известных русских ученых есть некоторые, чей вклад в науку наиболее значителен.
3. Жуковский был основателем современной аэро – и гидродинамики.
4. Циолковский был ученым, специализирующимся в области ракет и пионером космонавтики, который создал теорию полетов в космос; он рассчитал, что для того, чтобы покинуть Землю, нужна многоступенчатая ракета на жидком кислороде и водороде, разработал проекты ракет-носителей и космических станций, его работы дали толчок работам немецких и американских ученых.
5. Менделеев был русским химиком, который являлся основным создателем Периодической системы элементов, предсказавшим, таким образом, свойства элементов и классифицировавшим их в соответствии с этими химическими свойствами.
6. Другим ученым, который внес большой вклад в мировую науку, был Павлов, русский физиолог и врач, который был награжден Нобелевской премией в области физиологии и медицины.
7. Он впервые описал условное поведение, установив, таким образом, основные законы условных рефлексов.
8. Многие русские писатели внесли вклад в мировую художественную сокровищницу.
9. Пушкин широко известен как основатель русской литературы, впервые использовавший разговорную речь и создавший свой стиль повествования; его называют “солнцем русской поэзии”.
10. Достоевский – гигант русской и мировой литературы, известный своим пониманием человеческой души и интересом к греху и раскаянию, а также своим ярким стилем.
11. Толстой – это русский писатель-романист, социальный реформатор и мыслитель-моралист, известный как один из величайших писателей, чьи книги являются вершинами реалистической художественной литературы.
12. Нельсон известен своим участием в войнах с Наполеоном и является одним из самых известных командующих военно-морским флотом в мировой истории.
13. Ньютон был английским физиком, математиком, астрономом и изобретателем, который описал всемирное тяготение и три закона движения.
14. Дарвин был британским естествоиспытателем, который стал знаменитым, убедив ученых в существовании эволюции и естественного отбора.
1. The history of Russia abounds in great names in all fields of science and arts.
2. Of all the famous Russian scientists, there are some whose contribution to science is the most significant one.
3. Zhukovsky was the founding father of modern aero – and hydrodynamics.
4. Tsiolkovsky was a rockt scientist and pioneer of cosmonautics who created the theory of space travel, he calculated that a multistage rocket fuelled by liquid oxygen and hydrogen is required to leave the Earth, designed multistage boosters and space stations; his works gave an impetus to the works of German and American scientists.
5. Mendeleyev was a Russian chemist who was the primary creator of the periodic table of elements, thus predicting the properties of elements and classifying them according to their chemical properties.
6. Another scientist who contributed greatly to the world science was Pavlov, a Russian physiologist and physician who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
7. He first described classical conditioning, that is established basic laws for conditional reflexes.
8. A lot of Russian writers have contributed to the world’s artistic treasure-house.
9. Pushkin is popularly known to be the founder of modern Russian literature, to have pioneered the use of vernacular speech; he created his own style of storytelling, and is named ‘the sun of Russian poetry’.
10. Dostoevsky is a giant of Russian and world literature, famous for understanding of the human soul and his interest in sin and redemption, as well as for his powerful style.
11. Tolstoy is a Russian novelist, social reformer and moral thinker known as one of the greatest of all novelists whose books stand at the peak of realistic fiction.
12. Nelson is famous for his participation in the Napoleonic wars and is one of the most famous naval commanders in world history.
13. Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor who described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion.
14. Darwin was a British naturalist who achieved fame by convincing the scientists of the existence of evolution and natural selection.
Из пособия “ЕГЭ. Английский язык. Устные темы” Занина Е. Л. (2010, 272с.) – Part one. English examination topics. Forms 9/11.
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