Home ⇒ 📌Топики по английскому языку ⇒ British scientists and inventors – Британские ученые и изобретатели

British scientists and inventors – Британские ученые и изобретатели

Science has been a driving force behind the evolution of the modern world. British scientists have made immense contribution to the different fields including physics and biology.
Isaac Newton is considered by many to be one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution. He developed the theory of colour, studied the speed of sound and formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation (published in 1687), which dominated scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.
The main discoveries of Michael Faraday (1791 -1867) include those of electromagnetic induction and electrolysis.
Charles Darwin introduced his revolutionary theory of evolution in his book ‘On the Origin of Species’ published in 1859. It changed the way the world look at the creation of life.
Many English inventors of the present and of the past literally changed our world.
Steam engine constructed by a

Scottish inventor and engineer James Watt (1736 – 1819) was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.
The first mechanical computer created by a mathematician and philosopher Charles Babbage (1791-1871) eventually led to more complex designs.
But the computer we know today would not be possible without a pioneering British computer scientist Alan Turing. During the Second World War this mathematician and his team were successful in deciphering the German coding machine ‘Enigma’.
If Babbage is considered by some to be a “father of the computer”, Turing is widely declared to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.
And the author of undoubtedly one of the most revolutionary inventions of the 20th century – the World Wide Web (WWW), – is another British Computer Scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee (born in 1955). In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work.
Some of the discoveries and invention of these scientists have inspired some people to take up science as a career. The list of British scientist and their contribution towards science is a long one and embraces several centuries up to modern days.

Британские ученые и изобретатели

Наука всегда была движущей силой эволюции в современном мире. Британские ученые внесли огромный вклад в разные области, включая физику и биологию.
Исаак Ньютон многими считается самым влиятельным ученым всех времен и ведущей фигурой в научной революции. Он разработал теорию цвета, изучал скорость звука и сформулировал законы движения и всемирного тяготения (опубликованы в 1687), которые господствовали в научном представлении о физическом мире три последующих века.
Основные открытия Майкла Фарадея (1791 -1867) включают электромагнитную индукцию и электролиз.
Чарльз Дарвин представил свою революционную теорию эволюции в книге “О происхождении видов”, опубликованной в 1859 году. Она изменила взгляд на сотворение жизни.
Многие английские изобретатели настоящего и прошлого буквально изменили мир.
Паровой двигатель, сконструированный шотландским изобретателем и инженером Джеймсом Ваттом (1736 – 1819) лег в основу изменений, произошедших с приходом Промышленной революции и в его родной Великобритании, и по всему миру.
Первый механический компьютер, созданный математиком и философом Чарльзом Бэббиджем (1791 – 1871) со временем привел к созданию более сложного устройства.
Но компьютер, известный нам сегодня, был бы невозможен без новатора в компьютерных науках британского ученого Алана Тьюринга. Во время Второй мировой Войны этот математик и его команда успешно взломали немецкую шифровальную машину “Энигма”.
Если Бэббидж многими считается “отцом компьютера”, то Тьюринг широко признается как отец теории вычислительных машин и искусственного интеллекта.
А автором без сомнения одного из самых революционных изобретений 20 века – всемирной паутины (www) – является еще один британский ученый, работающий в области компьютерных наук – Сэр Тим Бернерс-Ли (родился в 1955 году). В 2004 Бернерс-Ли получил рыцарский титул из рук Королевы Елизаветы II за новаторскую работу.
Некоторые изобретения и открытия этих ученых вдохновили некоторых людей заняться наукой. Список британских ученых и их вклада в науку длинный и охватывает несколько веков до сегодняшнего дня.

Vocabulary:

Artificial intelligence, ai – искусственный разум
contribution – вклад
dominate – господствовать, преобладать
driving force – движущая сила
eventually – в итоге, в конце концов, со временем
fundamental – основной, основополагающий
immense – огромный, необъятный
industrial revolution – промышленная революция
influential – влиятельный
key figure – ведущая, ключевая фигура
to knight – посвящать в рыцари
laws of motion – законы движения
literally – буквально
pioneering – новаторский
species – виды
steam engine – паровой двигатель
universal gravitation – всемирное тяготение
undoubtedly – несомненно, бесспорно

Answer the questions
1. Name the most famous British Scientists of 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, 20th and 21th century.
2. What important scientific discoveries were made by Isaac Newton?
3. Who discovered electromagnetic induction?
4. What is the name of the book where Charles Darwin described the theory of evolution?
5. How did the invention of steam engine changed the world?
6. Who is considered to be a “the father of a computer” and who is considered to be “the father of AI”?
7. What is Enigma?
8. Why was Tim Berners-Lee knighted?
9. Why did some inventions of British scientists “literary change the world”? Give examples.
10. Make a timeline of important discoveries and inventions made by British scientists.


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British scientists and inventors – Британские ученые и изобретатели
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