Home ⇒ 📌Топики по английскому языку ⇒ Ozone Layer

Ozone Layer

Ozone layer or ozonosphere, region of the stratosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone, located at altitudes of 12-30 mi (19-48 km) above the earth’s surface. Ozone in the ozone layer is formed by the action of solar ultraviolet light on oxygen.

The ozone layer prevents most ultraviolet (UV) and other high-energy radiation from penetrating to the earth’s surface but does allow through sufficient ultraviolet rays to support the activation of vitamin D in humans. The full radiation, if unhindered by this filtering effect, would destroy animal tissue. Higher levels of radiation resulting from the depletion of the ozone layer have been linked with increases in skin cancers and cataracts and have been implicated in the decline of certain amphibian species.

In 1974 scientists warned that certain industrial chemicals, e. g., chlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs) and to a lesser extent, halons and carbon tetrachloride, could migrate to the stratosphere. There, sunlight could free the chlorine or bromine atoms to form chlorine monoxide or other chemicals, which would deplete upper-atmospheric ozone. A seasonal decrease, or “hole,” discovered in 1985 in the ozone layer above Antarctica was the first confirmation of a thinning of the layer. The hole occurs over Antarctica because the extreme cold helps the very high clouds characteristic of that area form tiny ice particles of water and nitric acid, which facilitate the chemical reactions involved. In addition, the polar winds, which follow a swirling pattern, create a confined vortex, trapping the chemicals. When the Antarctic sun rises in August or September and hits the trapped chemicals, a chain reaction begins in which chlorine, bromine (from the halons), and ice crystals react with the ozone and destroy it very quickly. The effect usually lasts through November. There is a corresponding hole over the Arctic that similarly appears in the spring, although in some years warmer winters there do not result in a major depletion of the ozone layer. A global thinning of the ozone layer results as ozone-rich air from the remaining ozone layer flows into the ozone-poor areas.

Minimum ozone levels in the Antarctic decreased steadily throughout the 1990s, and less dramatic decreases

have been found above other areas of the world. In 2000 (and again in 2003) the hole reached a record size, extending over 10.8 million sq mi (28 million sq km), an area greater than that of North America. In 1987 an international agreement, the Montreal Protocol, was reached on reducing the production of ozone-depleting compounds. Revisions in 1992 called for an end to the production of the worst of such compounds by 1996, and CFC emissions dropped dramatically by 1993. Recovery of the ozone layer, however, is expected to take 50 to 100 years. Damage to the ozone layer can also be caused by sulfuric acid droplets produced by volcanic eruptions.


1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars (1 оценок, среднее: 5.00 из 5)

Related topics:

  1. The Hole in the Ozone Layer – Озоновая дыра Discovery of the hole in the ozone layer showed that human activity has a major impact on the Earth. The damage of ozone in the stratosphere high above the planet’s surface has been brought about as the result of the widespread use of chemicals, which under normal conditions are chemically inert and harmless. Ozone occurs […]...
  2. The World Environment The world environment means simply what is around us. Some people live in towns, other in the country. There are a lot of ecological problems.. The most serious ecological problems are: noise from cars and buses; destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty; shortage of natural resources; the growth of population; pollution in its many forms […]...
  3. Environment and ecology – Окружающая среда и экология The word environment means simply what is around us. Some people live in a town environment; for others, their environment is the countryside. Nowadays people understand how important it is to solve the environment problems that endanger people’s lives. The most serious environmental problems are: · Pollution in its many forms (water pollution, air pollution, […]...
  4. Environment Our planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but nowadays it’s the only place where we can live. People have lived on our planet for many years. They lived and live on different continents, in different countries. People depend on their planet, the sun, animals and plants around them. Environment is everything […]...
  5. Перевод слова radiation Radiation – излучение, радиация, облучение Перевод слова Atomic radiation – ядерное излучение electromagnetic radiation – электромагнитное излучение radiation tolerance – допустимая доза облучения radiation hazard – радиоактивная опасность Jupiter was the origin of the Radiation. Юпитер был источником излучения. The product of this activity is Radiation. Результат этой деятельности – радиация. There is real anxiety […]...
  6. Environmental Problems The poisoning of the world’s land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilisation. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history’s greatest dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the next several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable. Overpopulation, pollution […]...
  7. A carpet-layer had just finished installing carpet for a lady A carpet-layer had just finished installing carpet for a lady. He stepped out for a smoke, only to realize he’d lost his cigarettes. In the middle of the room, under the carpet, was a bump. “No sense pulling up the entire floor for one pack of smokes,” he said to himself. He proceeded to get […]...
  8. A carpet layer had just finished installing carpet A carpet layer had just finished installing carpet for a lady. He stepped out for a smoke, only to realize he’d lost his cigarettes. In the middle of the room, under the carpet, was a bump. “No sense pulling up the entire floor for one pack of smokes,” he said to himself. He proceeded to […]...
  9. Загрязнение воздуха/ Air Pollution На английском языке Перевод на русский язык Air Pollution Загрязнение воздуха Obviously air is essential for every life being on our planet – for people, animals and plants. Without air no life on Earth could exist. But today we face one urgent problem – the industry keeps on developing and it results in air pollution. […]...
  10. Значение идиомы square peg in a round hole [square peg in a round hole] {n.}, {informal} A person who does notfit into a job or position; someone who does not belong where he is. Arthur is a square peg in a round hole when he is playing ball. George likes to work with his hands. When it comes to books, he’s asquare peg […]...
  11. Значение идиомы in the hole [in the hole] {adv.} or {adj. phr.}, {informal} 1a. Having a scorelower than zero in a game, especially a card game; to a score belowzero. John went three points in the hole on the first hand of thecard game. 1b. Behind an opponent; in difficulty in a sport or game. We had their pitcher in […]...
  12. Chemical Weapons – Химическое оружие Chemical warfare is a military operation using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or incapacitate the enemy. Chemical warfare is different from the use of conventional weapons or nuclear weapons because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to any explosive force. Although rude chemical warfare has been employed […]...
  13. Air and Water Pollution Julia: Stop Poisoning us! Stop poisoning us! Robert: Why are you Picketing in front of this factory? Julia: This factory is Polluting our air and water. They’re responsible for Contaminating the Environment with dangerous Chemicals and Waste. Robert: But your entire family works here. Aren’t you concerned you’ll cause trouble for them and the other […]...
  14. A man and his wife Florence Flask was… dressing for the opera when she turned to her husband and screamed, “Erlenmeyer! My joules! Someone has stolen my joules!” “Now, now, my dear,” replied her husband, “keep your balance and reflux a moment. Perhaps they’re mislead.” “No, I know they’re stolen,” cried Florence. “I remember putting them in my burette… We […]...
  15. Значение идиомы hole in one [hole in one] {n. phr.} A shot in golf that is hit from the tee andgoes right into the cup. Many golfers play for years before theyget a hole in one....
  16. Перевод слова hole Hole – дыра, отверстие, яма Перевод слова A hole in a roof – дыра в крыше to wear into holes – износить до дыр a hole in the fence – лазейка в ограде I have a Hole in my sock. У меня дырявый носок. The theory is full of Holes. Теория полна недостатков. The dog […]...
  17. Who is doing the work around here? The population of the United States was 180 million at the time of writing, but there are 64 million over 60 years of age, leaving 116 million to do the work. People under 21 total 59 million which leaves 57 million people to do the work. Because of the 31 million government employees, there are […]...
  18. Перевод слова destroy Destroy – разрушать, ломать, уничтожать Перевод слова To destroy a building – разрушить здание to destroy an army – разбить армию to destroy a reputation – погубить репутацию The fire Destroyed the house. Огонь уничтожил дом. The bomb blast Destroyed the village. Взрывом уничтожено село. The building was Destroyed by fire. Здание было разрушено огнем....
  19. Schooling in the United States Americans have shown a great concern for education since early colonial times. Today, there are some 43 million pupils and students in public schools at the elementary and secondary levels, and another 6 million in private schools throughout the country. The USA does not have a national system of education. The function of the Federal […]...
  20. Перевод слова effect Effect – результат, воздействие, эффект, цель Перевод слова Cause and effect – причина и следствие to this effect – для этого, для этой цели to exercise effect – оказывать воздействие He now needs more of the drug to achieve the same Effect. Сейчас ему нужно больше наркотика, чтобы добиться такого же эффекта. Nature begins from […]...
  21. Перевод слова harmful Harmful – вредный, пагубный Перевод слова Harmful consequences – пагубные последствия harmful news – тревожные новости harmful animal – вредное животное How can I shut out such Harmful thoughts? Как мне отогнать эти опасные мысли? It is hopeless trying to screen your child from the Harmful effects of television. Попытки оградить ребенка от пагубного влияния […]...
  22. Значение идиомы out of the red [out of the red] {adv. phr.} Having reached solvency; no longer indebt. Under the new management, our company finally got out of thered. Contrast: IN THE HOLE, IN THE RED. Compare: IN THE BLACK....
  23. The Problem of Environmental Protection in Great Britain – Проблема защиты окружающей среды в Великобритании Environmental protection is an international issue of great importance and Great Britain pays much attention to it. There are nearly 500 000 protected buildings and 7000 conservation areas of architecture of historical interest in Britain. The Government supports the work of the voluntary sector in preserving the national heritage. Total emissions of smoke in the […]...
  24. The Causes of Heart Diseas Heart disease affects so many people that it has become a serious concern for medical science. The heart is a complex organ that is vulnerable to hereditary as well as environmental risks. Scientists identified a number of risk factors associated with heart disease. They grouped these risk factors into major and minor causes. Major causes […]...
  25. Got a second? God, I was wondering…how long is a million years to you?” God answered, “Son, a million years to me is like a second to you.” So the man asks, “God how much is a million dollars to you?” And God answered, “Son a million dollars to me is like one penny to you.” So the […]...
  26. A high school senior was inspecting Harvard University A high school senior was inspecting Harvard University, where he hoped to attend the following autumn. As he was walking across the Quad, he stopped a distinguished-looking man and asked: “Sir, can you please tell me where your library is at?” The man looked down his nose and replied: “Son, I’m head of the English […]...
  27. Azolla fern: A climate change cure? Earth, 50 million years ago… A world beginning to flourish under the influence of a little fern called Azolla, which pulled much of the greenhouse gas CO2 out of the atmosphere. FIFTY million years ago the Earth was in a dire state. Overheated by runaway greenhouse gases, the future of life seemed bleak. But a […]...
  28. Перевод слова compute Compute – считать, вычислять Перевод слова Compute a penalty – начислять штраф compute a premium – вычислять премию compute a root – извлекать корень Final results had not yet been Computed. Окончательные результаты еще не был рассчитан. Compute depletion and journalize entry for depletion. Рассчитайте износ и занесите в бухгалтерский регистр запись об износе. You […]...
  29. Global Warming – Глобальное потепление Global warming is sometimes referred to as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the absorption of energy radiated from the Earth’s surface by carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, causing the atmosphere to become warmer. Each time we burn gasoline, oil, coal, or even natural gas, more carbon dioxide is added to […]...
  30. How do you catch a polar bear? Answer: First, you cut a large, round hole in the ice. Next, you place enough peas around the hole to completely surround the hole. Then, when the polar bear comes to take a pea, you kick him in the icehole. $ $Sent by Ediie...
  31. Protection of Environment in the UK Protection of environment is a major issue in Great Britain. Global warming, ozone layer problem, air and water pollution, industrial wastes are in the centre of different state and public actions. Great Britain maintains careful checks on use of dangerous chemicals and collects information about new ones. Acid rains that kill enormous amounts of fish […]...
  32. The energy of atoms Nuclear energy comes from the energy inside each atom. Atoms are made up of a nucleus with protons and neutrons-and electrons which revolve around the nucleus like the earth goes around the sun. Nuclear fission An atom’s nucleus can be split apart. When this is done, a lot of energy is released. Albert Einstein, the […]...
  33. Redneck wins lottery A Redneck buys a ticket and wins the lottery. He goes to Austin to claim it where the man verifies his ticket number. The Redneck says “I want my $20 million.” To which the man replied, “No, sir. It doesn’t work that way. We give you a million today, and then you’ll get the rest […]...
  34. Значение идиомы take effect [take effect] {v. phr.} 1. To have an unexpected or intendedresult; cause a change. It was nearly an hour before the sleepingpill took effect. 2. To become lawfully right, or operative. Thenew tax law will not take effect until January....
  35. Значение идиомы to that effect [to that effect] {adj.} or {adv. phr.} With that meaning. Shesaid she hated spinach, or words to that effect. When I leave, Iwill write you to that effect so you will know....
  36. Значение идиомы ace in the hole [ace in the hole] {n. phr.} 1. An ace given to a player face down so that other players in a card game cannot see it. When the cowboy bet all his money in the poker game he did not know that the gambler had an ace in the hole and would win it from […]...
  37. The Problem of Environmental Protection – Проблема защиты окружающей среды Environmental protection is the main problem facing humanity nowadays. The image of a sick planet has become firmly established in the public mind lately. Ten years ago the word ‘ecology’ hardly meant anything for the majority of people, but today we can’t help bearing it in our minds. It has happened because of the growing […]...
  38. Значение идиомы out of the hole [out of the hole] {adv.} or {adj. phr.}, {informal} 1a. With ascore better than zero in a game; especially a card game, to a scoreabove zero. It took us a long time to get out of the hole in thecard game. 1b. Even with an opponent after being behind; out oftrouble in a sport or […]...
  39. The Weather and Climate Fluctuations ‘Funny weather we are having’ is a statment of the obvious wehave used for generations as a greeting. When the deep cold lastslong and heavy snow and blizzards give us the shivers we replace”funny” with something stronger, such as “terrible”, “ghastly”.At times like these people ask what is happening to the weather. So we go […]...
  40. Значение идиомы into effect [into effect] {adv. phr.} Into use or operation. The new rulewas put into effect at once. The judge ordered the old suspendedpenalty into effect....
Ozone Layer
«
»