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American Institutions: Congress – Американские институты власти: Конгресс

The legislative branch of national government consists of two houses — the Senate and the House of Representatives — each with a different role, different powers, and a different electoral procedure.

The House of Representatives is the dynamic institution of the federal government. The states are represented on a population basis and are divided into congressional districts or constituencies of roughly equal size (around 520,000 people). There are currently 435 members, who are elected every two years. All states must by law adopt the system of single-member constituencies with a simple majority vote. Vacancies arising from death, resignation, etc, are filled by by-elections.

The Chairman of the House of Representatives, the Speaker, is elected by the House and has important responsibilities, giving him considerable influence over the President. Moreover, should the President and Vice-President die before the end of their terms, it is the Speaker who becomes President.

The

Senate is the conservative counterweight to the more populist House of Representatives. Each state has two senators who, since 1913 (Seventeenth Amendment), have been chosen directly by the electorate in the way decided by the state legislature in each state. Senators are elected every six years, but the elections are staggered so that one-third of the Senate is elected every two years. A vacancy caused by death or resignation is filled until the next congressional elections by the nomination of the State Governor. There are currently 100 senators. The Senate has the special privilege of unlimited debate to safeguard the rights of minorities, but this can enable a small group of Senators to prevent the passage of a bill (filibustering).

Перевод топика на русский язык:

Законодательная ветвь национального правительства состоит из двух палат — Сената и Палаты представителей — каждый с различной ролью, различными полномочиями и различной избирательной процедурой.

Палата представителей — динамичный институт власти

федерального правительства. Штаты представлены пропорционально их населению и разделены на избирательные участки по выборам в конгресс или избирательные округа почти одинаковых размеров (около 520 000 человек). В настоящее время каждые два года избираются 435 членов Палаты представителей. Все штаты должны в соответствии с законом принимать систему выборов в избирательных округах одного человека простым большинством голосов. Вакансии, появляющиеся в результате смерти, отставки и т. д, заполняются после проведения дополнительных выборов.

Председатель Палаты представителей. Спикер, и избирается Палатой и наделен важными полномочиями, позволяющими ему оказывать значительное влияние на Президента. Кроме того, в случае смерти Президента и Вице-президента до истечения их сроков, именно Спикер становится Президентом.

Сенат — консервативный противовес более популистской Палате представителей. Каждый штат имеет двух сенаторов, которые с 1913 г. (семнадцатая поправка) избираются непосредственно в избирательных округах в соответствии с законодательством каждого штата. Сенаторы избираются каждые шесть лет, но выборы регулируются таким образом, чтобы третья часть Сената избиралась каждые два года. Вакансия, вызванная смертью или отставкой, заполняется до проведения следующих выборов в конгресс назначением Губернатора штата.

В настоящее время имеется 100 сенаторов. Сенат наделен особой привилегией проведения неограниченных дебатов, гарантирующей защиту прав меньшинства, но это может дать возможность небольшой группе Сенаторов воспрепятствовать принятию законопроекта, т. е. затормозить принятие закона или решения путем обструкции.


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American Institutions: Congress – Американские институты власти: Конгресс
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